Wind energy is a conventional energy source of power generation and a significant player in the today’s energy market. As an unlimited and free energy source, wind is available in majority areas of the world. Wind energy driven turbines uses a variety of composite materials. The details of wind turbine technology along with structure are discussed in this chapter. The historical development of wind turbine technology along with overall structure is briefed. This chapter focuses on the conventional composite materials for wind turbine blades (glass fibers/epoxy matrix composites), natural composites, hybrid and nano-engineered composites technology. A thorough insight in these topics results in appropriate selection of composite materials for wind turbine blade.
19 octobre 2020
Composite Materials for Wind Turbine Structure | SpringerLink
Composite Materials for Wind Turbine Structure | SpringerLink
Performance analysis of wind turbine blade materials using nanocomposites - ScienceDirect
Performance analysis of wind turbine blade materials using nanocomposites - ScienceDirect
Nanoparticle reinforced composites (nanocomposites) are gaining popularity among researchers and industries due to its incredible properties. Nanocomposites have wide a range of applications in variety of domains. Glass fiber reinforced epoxy matrix composites are highly preferred for the construction of wind turbine blades due to its favourable characteristics.....
30 Years of functionally graded materials: An overview of manufacturing methods, Applications and Future Challenges - ScienceDirect
30 Years of functionally graded materials: An overview of manufacturing methods, Applications and Future Challenges - ScienceDirect
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are a broad research area and attract considerable tremendous attention today in the materials science and engineering society. In recent years, FGMs have experienced remarkable developments in manufacturing methods. FGMs can be produced using several well-known processing techniques from conventional to advanced. This research provides an overview of manufacturing methods for FGMs, thus describing the fundamental difficulties and strengths of these methods based on the available literature over 30 years. Besides, this critical review gives a comprehensive summary of the various applications and the future trends for research required for the design and production of these materials properly with a smooth graded. The anticipated findings of the current paper can be considered as a milestone for future production and analysis investigations for FGMs and are beneficial for researchers, designers, and manufacturers in this scope.
14 octobre 2020
Recent advancements of plant-based natural fiber–reinforced composites and their applications - ScienceDirect
Recent advancements of plant-based natural fiber–reinforced composites and their applications - ScienceDirect
Demands for reducing energy consumption and environmental impacts are the major driving factors for the development of natural fiber–reinforced composites (NFRCs) in many sectors. Compared with synthesized fiber, natural fiber provides several advantages in terms of biodegradability, light weight, low price, life-cycle superiority, and satisfactory mechanical properties. However, the inherent features of plant-based natural fibers have presented challenges to the development and application of NFRCs, such as variable fiber quality, limited mechanical properties, water absorption, low thermal stability, incompatibility with hydrophobic matrices, and propensity to agglomeration. Substantial research has recently been conducted to address these challenges for improved performance of NFRCs and their applications.....
Demands for reducing energy consumption and environmental impacts are the major driving factors for the development of natural fiber–reinforced composites (NFRCs) in many sectors. Compared with synthesized fiber, natural fiber provides several advantages in terms of biodegradability, light weight, low price, life-cycle superiority, and satisfactory mechanical properties. However, the inherent features of plant-based natural fibers have presented challenges to the development and application of NFRCs, such as variable fiber quality, limited mechanical properties, water absorption, low thermal stability, incompatibility with hydrophobic matrices, and propensity to agglomeration. Substantial research has recently been conducted to address these challenges for improved performance of NFRCs and their applications.....
5 octobre 2020
Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite Materials for Wind Turbine Blade Applications
Wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into electrical power. Among all the parts of wind turbine such as blades, hub, gear box, nacelle, and tower; nacelle and wind turbine blades are generally made up of glass fibres and carbon fibres for better strength, low weight, and corrosion resistance. The main limitations of these materials are the availability, non-biodegradable, health hazardous and their fabrication cost, hence the aim of this research is to replace these materials with natural fibers. In this research work, application of natural fibres reinforced polymer composites in wind turbine, requirements to the composites, their properties, constituents, manufacturing technologies, and defects will be reviewed; promising future directions of their developments also will be discussed.
30 septembre 2020
Crashworthiness analysis of polymer composites under axial and oblique impact loading - ScienceDirect
Crashworthiness analysis of polymer composites under axial and oblique impact loading - ScienceDirect
A study was made to evaluate the design variables that affect the crashworthiness parameters of an energy absorber while dissipating the crash forces during road vehicle accidents. In order to find out causes, nonlinear crushing analysis is performed with the finite element code of ABAQUS/Explicit software. An investigation was conducted on homogeneous and heterogeneous ply orientation modeled structure of composite materials under axial and oblique impact loadings to find out the suitable model or structure for lightweight vehicle applications according to the crashworthiness......
A study was made to evaluate the design variables that affect the crashworthiness parameters of an energy absorber while dissipating the crash forces during road vehicle accidents. In order to find out causes, nonlinear crushing analysis is performed with the finite element code of ABAQUS/Explicit software. An investigation was conducted on homogeneous and heterogeneous ply orientation modeled structure of composite materials under axial and oblique impact loadings to find out the suitable model or structure for lightweight vehicle applications according to the crashworthiness......
29 septembre 2020
Structural Analysis of a Roof Extracted from a Wind Turbine Blade | Journal of Architectural Engineering | Vol 26, No 4
Structural Analysis of a Roof Extracted from a Wind Turbine Blade | Journal of Architectural Engineering | Vol 26, No 4
The objective of this research is to demonstrate that parts of decommissioned wind turbine blades can be repurposed for infrastructure applications for a sustainable future of the wind power industry. The purpose of this paper was to develop a methodology to conduct detailed structural engineering design of composite material parts extracted from wind turbine blades. A large section extracted from a 100-m long blade was repurposed as a roof for a small (approximately 40 m2) single-story masonry house. Geometric and material properties were taken from the blade design documents. A three-dimensional graphical model was created from the exterior surface and material layups. The roof was designed using the load and resistance factor design method familiar to civil engineers. Analysis of stresses and defections was conducted using hand calculations and the finite element method. The results of the analyses showed that the roof is within code mandated stress and deflection limits. The methodology developed could be applied to other wind blade repurposing concepts.
The objective of this research is to demonstrate that parts of decommissioned wind turbine blades can be repurposed for infrastructure applications for a sustainable future of the wind power industry. The purpose of this paper was to develop a methodology to conduct detailed structural engineering design of composite material parts extracted from wind turbine blades. A large section extracted from a 100-m long blade was repurposed as a roof for a small (approximately 40 m2) single-story masonry house. Geometric and material properties were taken from the blade design documents. A three-dimensional graphical model was created from the exterior surface and material layups. The roof was designed using the load and resistance factor design method familiar to civil engineers. Analysis of stresses and defections was conducted using hand calculations and the finite element method. The results of the analyses showed that the roof is within code mandated stress and deflection limits. The methodology developed could be applied to other wind blade repurposing concepts.
17 septembre 2020
Fibres naturelles de renfort pour matériaux composites : Dossier complet | Techniques de l’Ingénieur
Fibres naturelles de renfort pour matériaux composites : Dossier complet | Techniques de l’Ingénieur
Les industriels s’intéressent de plus en plus au renforcement des polymères par des fibres naturelles pour, généralement, réduire les impacts environnementaux. La sélection de ce type de renfort n’est pas simple, ce terme correspondant à des fibres d’origine végétale, animale ou minérale. Après un classement, cet article aborde les deux premières familles en présentant les ressources disponibles, leurs propriétés et spécificités puis leur usage comme renfort de matériaux composites.
Les industriels s’intéressent de plus en plus au renforcement des polymères par des fibres naturelles pour, généralement, réduire les impacts environnementaux. La sélection de ce type de renfort n’est pas simple, ce terme correspondant à des fibres d’origine végétale, animale ou minérale. Après un classement, cet article aborde les deux premières familles en présentant les ressources disponibles, leurs propriétés et spécificités puis leur usage comme renfort de matériaux composites.
10 septembre 2020
Novel method for in situ damage monitoring during ultrasonic fatigue testing by the advanced acoustic emission technique - ScienceDirect
Novel method for in situ damage monitoring during ultrasonic fatigue testing by the advanced acoustic emission technique - ScienceDirect
Ultrasonic fatigue testing (USFT) is an effective method for the rapid characterisation of the high cycle fatigue properties of structural materials. However, the process of initiation and progression of fatigue damage remains uncertain in this way of testing due to the limitations of existing measuring techniques. The acoustic emission (AE) method was developed in the present work to pave a new way to monitor the fatigue process during USFT. The proposed new methodology revealed the AE activity related to fatigue damage, allowing to distinguish between surface and internal fatigue crack initiation and to follow the development of fatigue damage.
Ultrasonic fatigue testing (USFT) is an effective method for the rapid characterisation of the high cycle fatigue properties of structural materials. However, the process of initiation and progression of fatigue damage remains uncertain in this way of testing due to the limitations of existing measuring techniques. The acoustic emission (AE) method was developed in the present work to pave a new way to monitor the fatigue process during USFT. The proposed new methodology revealed the AE activity related to fatigue damage, allowing to distinguish between surface and internal fatigue crack initiation and to follow the development of fatigue damage.
Dimensionnement des trous et des assemblages dans les structures composites : Dossier complet | Techniques de l’Ingénieur
Dimensionnement des trous et des assemblages dans les structures composites : Dossier complet | Techniques de l’Ingénieur
Quelques méthodologies classiques de dimensionnement des trous et des assemblages dans les structures composites sont ici présentées. Le dimensionnement de ces singularités est fondamental et doit souvent être la première zone à prendre en compte dans la conception des structures composites primaires, c’est-à-dire celles supportant les efforts principaux. Après une rapide présentation des méthodes de dimensionnement des stratifiés composites en zone courante, le dimensionnement des trous est abordé avec la méthode du « point stress ». Puis le calcul des assemblages, à l’aide de la méthode du flux d’effort équivalent, est présenté ainsi que les limites des approches utilisées.
Quelques méthodologies classiques de dimensionnement des trous et des assemblages dans les structures composites sont ici présentées. Le dimensionnement de ces singularités est fondamental et doit souvent être la première zone à prendre en compte dans la conception des structures composites primaires, c’est-à-dire celles supportant les efforts principaux. Après une rapide présentation des méthodes de dimensionnement des stratifiés composites en zone courante, le dimensionnement des trous est abordé avec la méthode du « point stress ». Puis le calcul des assemblages, à l’aide de la méthode du flux d’effort équivalent, est présenté ainsi que les limites des approches utilisées.
8 septembre 2020
Effect of hot water on the mechanical performance of unidirectional carbon fiber-reinforced nylon 6 composites - ScienceDirect
Effect of hot water on the mechanical performance of unidirectional carbon fiber-reinforced nylon 6 composites - ScienceDirect
One of the major concerns of carbon fiber-reinforced nylon 6 composites (CF/Nylon 6) is its sensitivity to environmental degradation, especially hygrothermal aging. In this study, neat nylon 6 plates and unidirectional CF/Nylon 6 laminates with different fiber orientations manufactured by hot compression method were subjected to water absorption tests by immersing them in 80 °C and 98 °C hot water for various time durations.
One of the major concerns of carbon fiber-reinforced nylon 6 composites (CF/Nylon 6) is its sensitivity to environmental degradation, especially hygrothermal aging. In this study, neat nylon 6 plates and unidirectional CF/Nylon 6 laminates with different fiber orientations manufactured by hot compression method were subjected to water absorption tests by immersing them in 80 °C and 98 °C hot water for various time durations.
3 septembre 2020
Fibres naturelles de renfort pour matériaux composites : Dossier complet | Techniques de l’Ingénieur
Fibres naturelles de renfort pour matériaux composites : Dossier complet | Techniques de l’Ingénieur
Les industriels s’intéressent de plus en plus au renforcement des polymères par des fibres naturelles pour, généralement, réduire les impacts environnementaux. La sélection de ce type de renfort n’est pas simple, ce terme correspondant à des fibres d’origine végétale, animale ou minérale. Après un classement, cet article aborde les deux premières familles en présentant les ressources disponibles, leurs propriétés et spécificités puis leur usage comme renfort de matériaux composites.
Les industriels s’intéressent de plus en plus au renforcement des polymères par des fibres naturelles pour, généralement, réduire les impacts environnementaux. La sélection de ce type de renfort n’est pas simple, ce terme correspondant à des fibres d’origine végétale, animale ou minérale. Après un classement, cet article aborde les deux premières familles en présentant les ressources disponibles, leurs propriétés et spécificités puis leur usage comme renfort de matériaux composites.
1 septembre 2020
Réforme du label RGE : à partir du 1er septembre, les contrôles des chantiers sont renforcés
Réforme du label RGE : à partir du 1er septembre, les contrôles des chantiers sont renforcés
Le nouveau label Reconnu garant de l'environnement (RGE) des artisans s'applique dès ce 1er septembre. Les organismes de qualification renforcent les audits des travaux de rénovation énergétique pour lutter contre les fraudes. Détails en infographie.
Le nouveau label Reconnu garant de l'environnement (RGE) des artisans s'applique dès ce 1er septembre. Les organismes de qualification renforcent les audits des travaux de rénovation énergétique pour lutter contre les fraudes. Détails en infographie.
Baseline-free defect evaluation of complex-microstructure composites using frequency-dependent ultrasound reflections - ScienceDirect
Baseline-free defect evaluation of complex-microstructure composites using frequency-dependent ultrasound reflections - ScienceDirect
In this study, baseline-free defect characterization for both flat and ply-drop composites were proposed using frequency dependence of ultrasound reflections. This frequency dependence of ultrasound interaction with delamination and resin layers in composites were investigated through CIVA® simulation and experimental investigation. To extract quantitative data of frequency dependence of ultrasonic reflections in composites with a single test, synchro squeezed wavelet transform was adopted to decompose the acquired wide-band raw signals into narrow-band frequencies. ....
In this study, baseline-free defect characterization for both flat and ply-drop composites were proposed using frequency dependence of ultrasound reflections. This frequency dependence of ultrasound interaction with delamination and resin layers in composites were investigated through CIVA® simulation and experimental investigation. To extract quantitative data of frequency dependence of ultrasonic reflections in composites with a single test, synchro squeezed wavelet transform was adopted to decompose the acquired wide-band raw signals into narrow-band frequencies. ....
Tribology of Poly(etherketone) composites based on nano-particles of solid lubricants - ScienceDirect
Tribology of Poly(etherketone) composites based on nano-particles of solid lubricants - ScienceDirect
The present article deals with the tribology of very important family of high performance polymers known as Poly(etherketone) (PEK) comprising of mainly two members viz. PEEK (Poly(ether etherketone) and PAEK (Poly(aryletherketone) since other members are not yet researched for tribology. Interestingly PEEK is extensively explored and PAEK is under-explored. The article deals with the tribology of composites of these two polymers containing nano-particles (NPs) of solid lubricants leading to significant enhancement in the tribo-potential. The article discusses the systematic efforts to develop high potential tribo-materials based on PAEK and right kind of reinforcement (30% short glass fibers-SGF) and combination of two solid lubricants (SLs). The first one, called primary SL was graphite (10%), which was essential part of all composites. The only difference in the series of composites was of type of secondary SL (10%) and its size (combination of micro and nano-particles). The tribo-investigations brought out various features such as synergism between the two SLs, edge of NPs over MPs (micro-particles) and very high tribo-potential, not reported in the literature. The unique efforts to convert the scientific knowledge into the product (bearing) and to identify the extent of loss in performance during the journey from material to product are also reported.
The present article deals with the tribology of very important family of high performance polymers known as Poly(etherketone) (PEK) comprising of mainly two members viz. PEEK (Poly(ether etherketone) and PAEK (Poly(aryletherketone) since other members are not yet researched for tribology. Interestingly PEEK is extensively explored and PAEK is under-explored. The article deals with the tribology of composites of these two polymers containing nano-particles (NPs) of solid lubricants leading to significant enhancement in the tribo-potential. The article discusses the systematic efforts to develop high potential tribo-materials based on PAEK and right kind of reinforcement (30% short glass fibers-SGF) and combination of two solid lubricants (SLs). The first one, called primary SL was graphite (10%), which was essential part of all composites. The only difference in the series of composites was of type of secondary SL (10%) and its size (combination of micro and nano-particles). The tribo-investigations brought out various features such as synergism between the two SLs, edge of NPs over MPs (micro-particles) and very high tribo-potential, not reported in the literature. The unique efforts to convert the scientific knowledge into the product (bearing) and to identify the extent of loss in performance during the journey from material to product are also reported.
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