Simulation of 3-D Composites
Traditionally, layered composites structures are modeled as thin structures using shell elements. This approach is valid when designing thin parts, such as hollow tubes for bikes, panels for airframes and blades for wind turbines. But when the parts are more massive, such as gas turbine blades or stringers for pressure vessels, using shell elements is not appropriate. In such cases, stresses in the direction of the thickness and shear stresses out of plane are significant, and solid models are required. You need to use solid models when loads are applied in the direction of the thickness or when the structure is subject to large deformations.(...)
